A recepção do pensamento greco-romano árabe e judaico pelo ocidente medieval.

On taking Breviloquium as a guide, we can understand how St. Bonaventure analyses the issue of evil and its relation to sin. Man was created to be good and to live in a good world. By sinning, he interferes with the divine plan, establishing evil in the world. God, the first and most perfect principle, however, is perfect; then, He comes to man’s help so that he can overcome sin and evil. Upon reflecting on Philosophy and Theology, Bonaventure discusses the (...) issue of evil origin, transmission and breakthrough, pointing to man’s unique and affirmative role, as he has not lost his natural attraction to virtue; he is still able to do right. (shrink)

O presente estudo pretende analisar a obra Cur Deus homo, de Santo Anselmo, a partir de uma perspectiva antropológica. Após examinar a peculiaridade do método e revisar seus argumentos fundamentais, será possível perceber que Anselmo revela uma perspectiva essencialmente boa da natureza humana, que, mesmo abalada, não sucumbe ao pecado original. A liberdade e o projeto amoroso do Logos originante fundamentam a concepção anselmiana em torno do homem e sua natureza. This study aims to analyze St. Anselm's Cur Deus Homo (...) from an anthropological perspective. After analyzing the method used in this work and reviewing its basic argumentation, it can be seen that Anselm reveals a perspective according to which human nature is essentially good. This nature, even when shaken, does not succumb to original sin. Freedom and the loving design of the originating Logos underlie the Anselmian conception of man and his nature. (shrink)

Com o fim do Império Romano, a estrutura educacional foi abalada. A religião cristã foi capaz de preservar a tradição da antiguidade. Pouco a pouco uma nova civilização vai surgindo, erguendo-se a partir de três bases: a cultura romana subsistente, o impacto dos bárbaros e a religião cristã. No reino dos francos, Carlos Magno faz renascer a cultura, através de sua aliança com a Igreja. Surgem novas escolas e há uma retomada das artes liberais; a dialética, particularmente, será a base (...) para a retomada dos debates filosóficos, mesmo inseridos em polêmicas teológicas, tais como a discussão em torno da predestinação divina que colocou em lados opostos Godescalco e Scoto Eriúgena. (shrink)

Resumo O presente artigo busca analisar uma das orações elaboradas por Anselmo de Aosta, mais precisamente, a Oração a São Nicolau, procurando mostrar como é possível encontrar, refletidos na prece, aspectos relevantes da produção filosófico-teológica do autor, sobretudo, em relação à situação do homem, marcado pelo pecado, uma vez que abandonou a retidão da vontade. Na prece, bem como em sua obra especulativa, Anselmo examina a situação do homem pecador, diante da graça e misericórdia divinas. Almejamos ressaltar a existência, na (...) obra anselmiana, de uma harmoniosa relação entre oração e trabalho especulativo, em conformidade com o ideal beneditino do ora et labora.This article analyzes one of the prayers of Anselm of Canterbury, namely, the Prayer to Saint Nicholas. We aim to show how it is possible to find relevant aspects of the author’s philosophical-theological output reflected in the prayer, mainly in relation to the situation of man, marked by sin, once rectitude and will are abandoned. In the prayer, as well as in his speculative work, Anselm examines the situation of sinful man in the face of divine grace and mercy. We highlight the existence in Anselm’s work of a harmonious relationship between prayer and speculation, in conformity with the Benedictine ideal of ora et labora. (shrink)

O presente artigo quer investigar o problema do mal na perspectiva de Santo Anselmo, tomando como ponto de partida sua obra "De casu diaboli", onde o tema é abordado, a partir da íntima ligação entre mal e pecado. Ao enfocar o mal na perspectiva da queda diabólica, o Doutor Magnífico intenta mostrar a conexão entre vontade, liberdade e justiça. Sua preocupação é investigar o significado moral da má escolha, realizada por uma criatura racional e puramente espiritual, feita boa e para (...) ser boa. O pecado, consoante o autor, não está em almejar a felicidade, pois um tal desejo é dádiva divina; o mal praticado pelo anjo está, precisamente, em querer a felicidade fora da justiça, isto é, ao querer ser feliz, ele foi de encontro ao que ele deveria ser: quis ser semelhante a Deus, extrapolando a sua própria natureza, pois ele desejou algo que, enquanto criatura, não caberia a ele almejar. Este é o ponto de partida para analisar o mal e sua mais dramática consequência, o sofrimento. (shrink)

A retidão moral, entendida como a prática da justiça, é o tema que perpassa a Trilogia, composta por Santo Anselmo, da qual fazem parte os tratados De Veritate, De libertate arbitrii e De casu diaboli. O presente artigo pretende evidenciar o papel absolutamente fundamental da vontade livre para a realização do agir em conformidade com a justiça. O exame de algumas passagens, sobretudo do tratado sobre a queda angélica, nos permitirá concluir que mesmo sendo a vontade uma dádiva, a criatura (...) racional, pela livre conjugação de seu querer é capaz de ser, de modo absolutamente isento de constrangimentos, a protagonista de seu agir moral. A verdadeira liberdade não é fazer o que se quer. A vontade é verdadeiramente livre quando fazemos aquilo que devemos fazer. Palavras-chave: Vontade. Liberdade. Retidão. (shrink)

Resenhas dos seguintes livros: Scarlett Marton. Nietzsche e as mulheres: Figuras, imagens e tipos femininos. Autêntica, 2022; Marie-Frédérique Pellegrin. Pensées du corps et différences des sexes à l’époque moderne. ENS Éditions, 2020; e Ana Gabriela Colantoni; Georgia Cristina Amitrano; Carla Milani Damião (orgs.). Ensaios de filósofas brasileiras. Ape’Ku Editora, 2022.

Les troubles des conduites alimentaires surviennent le plus souvent à l’adolescence sur un fond d’organisation peu stable d’un moi en devenir, les symptômes focalisant sur l’alimentaire un déplacement de besoins affectifs, difficiles à assumer. Ils se constituent à partir d’une interaction complexe à la fois sur le plan individuel et sur le plan relationnel-familial. L’article présente une étude descriptive du fonctionnement intrapsychique individuel et des vécus familiaux du point de vue du père, de la mère et de la fille (diagnostiquée (...) anorexique), à partir d’entretiens et de l’application du Rorschach. Les données recueillies montrent des liens familiaux marqués par des sentiments d’intrusion et de profonde solitude. Le couple parental a montré peu de soutien mutuel et des difficultés chroniques. Père, mère et fille ont montré une fragilité psychique importante avec un moi peu protégé par une enveloppe solide et/ou souple. Les moments de crise de la vie familiale (les maladies, l’adolescence, le vieillissement) étaient perçus comme des tragédies. (shrink)

En bannissant les poètes de la Cité, Platon inaugurait une longue querelle entre philosophes et artistes. De fait, les artistes ont aimé se proclamer " instaurateurs ", " éducateurs ", " voyants ", " tenants de l'avant-garde ". Depuis Hölderlin, qui n'a en tête le poète-philosophe, depuis Nietzsche le philosophe-artiste? Pourtant le philosophique ne peut, sans renoncer au concept, être réduit à une poétique... Il est décisif d'articuler, aujourd'hui, les places philosophiques et artistiques. Au cours de ce séminaire, celles-là se (...) sont ancrées chez le Suger du XIIè siècle, dans la religion de l'art du XIXè siècle, dans la religion de l'art du XIXè siècle, chez les futuristes, les musiciens dodécaphonistes, Brecht, Pessoa ou Manoel de Oliveira. Au fond, il s'agit de penser nos configurations actuelles. (shrink)

This edited volume represents a unique addition to the available literature on animal ethics, animal studies, and neuroethics. Its goal is to expand discussions on animal ethics and neuroethics by weaving together different threads: philosophy of mind and animal minds, neuroscientific study of animal minds, and animal ethics. Neuroethical questions concerning animals’ moral status, animal minds and consciousness, animal pain, and the adequacy of animal models for neuropsychiatric disease have long been topics of debate in philosophy and ethics, and more (...) recently also in neuroscientific research. The book presents a transdisciplinary blend of voices, underscoring different perspectives on the broad questions of how neuroscience can contribute to our understanding of nonhuman minds, and on debates over the moral status of nonhuman animals. All chapters were written by outstanding scholars in philosophy, neuroscience, animal behavior, biology, neuroethics, and bioethics, and cover a range of issues and species/taxa. Given its scope, the book will appeal to scientists and students interested in the debate on animal ethics, while also offering an important resource for future researchers. Chapter 13 of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com. (shrink)

Purpose. Based on the study of philosophical anthropological concepts, to highlight the project of personality in different historical periods, to reveal the meaning of humanistic issues in the postmodern epoch, to identify the essential features of the image of human of the second half of the XX the beginning of the XXI century. Theoretical basis. The methodological basis of the article is the principles of historicism, integrity, objectivity regarding the mastery of the issue of person’s image in postmodernism. The research (...) applied comparative-historical, culturological, analytical, axiological approaches to reveal the problem of individuality in the second half of the XX the beginning of the XXI century. The theoretical basis of the article consists of scientific works in the field of philosophical anthropology, history, cultural studies, and aesthetics. Originality. The author revealed the peculiarities of transformation of the personality model from antiquity to postmodernism, specified the image of man of the second half of the XX the beginning of the XXI century. Conclusions. The analysis of anthropological ideas of Western philosophy of different ages shows the variety of views about understanding the nature of the person, its complexity and ambiguity. In the epoch of postmodernism humanistic issues are of particular relevance, which is connected with social and political uncertainty, domination of mass consciousness, loss of national and cultural identity. The image of a person of this period is deprived of a solid foundation, it is blurred and relative. The destruction of faith in the absolute in the context of the second half of the twentieth century contributed to the formation of confidence in the interdependence of all things, raised the problem of the personality image to a new ontological level. Orientation in the achievements of European civilization, perception of its anthropological experience, intercultural dialogue contribute to the productive use of the achievements of mankind in order to understand the modern person and to form its adequate image. In its essence, postmodernism does not set the goal to realize a retrospection of subject type. However, separating from the cultural memory the excerpts of ideas about a person, by certain styles and directions, it builds on their formations its own eclectic image of the individual. (shrink)

Criticized as a nostalgic anachronism by those who oppose her version of political theory and lauded as symbol of direct democratic participation by those who favor it, the Athenian polis features prominently in Hannah Arendt's account of politics. This essay traces the origin and development of Arendt's conception of the polis as a space of appearance from the early 1950s onward. It makes particular use of the Denktagebuch, Arendt's intellectual diary, in order to shed new light on the historicity of (...) one of her central concepts. The article contends that both critics and partisans of Arendt's use of the polis have made the same mistake: they have presumed that the polis represents a space of face-to-face immediacy. In fact, Arendt compared the polis to a series of analogues, many of which are not centered on direct exchanges between political actors and spectators. As a result, Arendt's early work on the polis turns out to anticipate many of the concerns of her later work on judgment, and her theory of the polis becomes a theory of topics. (shrink)

In The Souls of Black Folk, W.E.B. Du Bois introduces double consciousness as a result of racial prejudice and oppression. Explained as a state of confliction felt by black Americans, Du Bois presents double consciousness as integral to understanding the black experience. Later philosophers question the importance of double consciousness to current race discussions, but this paper contends that double consciousness provides valuable insights into black and white relations. To do this, I will utilize the modern slang term, “Oreo,” to (...) highlight how a perceived incompatibility between blacks and whites could prevent America from achieving a greater unity. (shrink)

The initial problem which motivated the writing of this thesis arose from reading of Emile by Rousseau. In this work, it was possible to detect the influence of different theoretical approaches, such as rationalism and empiricism, inspiring the development of the educational plan designed by Rousseau for his imaginary student (Emile). The very core question of the present thesis regards to whether there was a theory of knowledge pertaining to Rousseau’s philosophical thinking and, if so, how it was related to (...) his theories of education. In the set of his oeuvre, Rousseau’s affiliation to authors like Descartes, Leibniz, Locke and Malebranche, as well as Condillac, Diderot, D’Holbach and Helvétius was discovered. As the reading of the great philosophical work of Rousseau progressed, an original knowledge theory was discovered, of the kind which accepts the coexistence of opposite thoughts. Pedagogy, in the context of (the work) Emile, arose out of the miscellany of such theories and also for the intense philosophical maturing process on the core of Rousseau’s thinking. This study intended, therefore, to understand the origin and development of Rousseau’s theory of knowledge, and also to figure out how the philosopher formulated his theories on Education, especially in Emile. The object of this research, materialized through the extensive bibliography of the Swiss philosopher, was intensively read and analyzed. The methodology used was that of comparative, descriptive and critical documentary research of the mentioned authors. This research is divided into three sections: the first one intends to investigate the philosophical influence from different authors on the foundations of Rousseau’s epistemology; the second section addresses Rousseau’s theories of Education; the third and final part investigates the link between theory of knowledge and Education within Rousseau’s philosophical thought. -/- . (shrink)

Jules Janssens a construit une œuvre importante, qui, pour de nombreux chercheurs, a ouvert des perspectives de recherches nouvelles et fécondes. Ses travaux ont fait date. Ils portent principalement sur la philosophie d'Avicenne, ses sources, ses rapports avec la pensée musulmane, son influence sur la théologie ash'arite (al-Ghazālī, Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī) et sa réception dans le monde latin. Pour lui rendre hommage, quatorze collègues et amis de renommée internationale se sont réunis pour poursuivre ses réflexions sur ces thèmes. L'ouvrage qui (...) en est issu offre un état des lieux de la recherche contemporaine sur Avicenne et sa postérité arabo-latine. (shrink)

001. 생명보다 귀한 것은 없다 002. '나'의 인격은 가정에서 만들어진다 003. 사회윤리는 가정 윤리의 확장이다 004. 도의 정신 없이는 역사 의식도 없다 005. 현대 사회에서 유가의 윤리는 사라졌는가 006. 동양의 윤리를 다시 보자.

The ‘traditional’ view among philosophical theologians, that God is eternal not merely in the sense of being everlasting but in the sense of being outside time altogether, has come under sharp criticism in recent years, both from biblical theologians and from philosophers. It is against the latter form of attack, particularly as represented by the detailed criticisms of Professor Nelson Pike, that I wish to try and defend the notion of a divine timelessness.

In the preface to his book God the Problem , Gordon Kaufman writes ‘Although the notion of God as agent seems presupposed by most contemporary theologians … Austin Farrer has been almost alone in trying to specify carefully and consistently just what this might be understood to mean.’.

Hans Kelsen est, sans conteste, le juriste le plus important de ce siècle. Il n'y a pas une seule question de théorie juridique qu'on puisse traiter aujourd'hui sans examiner d'abord l'analyse qu'il en fait, mais son œuvre ne concerne pas seulement le droit et la philosophie du droit ; elle touche aussi la philosophie politique, l'épistémologie, l'éthique ou la logique. Sa théorie du droit représente, à côté du réalisme, l'une des deux branches du juspositivisme moderne, connue sous le nom de (...) normativisme et que lui-même appelait " Théorie pure du droit ". Elle se donne comme une théorie scientifique qui se borne à décrire son objet, le droit positif, et qui donc est " pure " de tout jugement de valeur. La pureté ne concerne toutefois que la méthodologie. Le droit, lui, n'est nullement pur, car il exprime des choix moraux et politiques. La doctrine kelsenienne pure apparaît ainsi doublement politique : d'une part, elle se donne pour tâche de mettre en évidence la fonction idéologique du droit ; d'autre part, dans la mesure où elle analyse les dispositifs juridiques comme des moyens au service de certaines fins, elle peut servir de fondement à une véritable technologie juridique. C'est cette technologie que Kelsen prétendait appliquer à la politique et qui fonde aussi bien son travail de constituant - il est le père de la Constitution autrichienne et de la première Cour constitutionnelle - que ses écrits sur la démocratie. La Théorie générale du droit et de l'Etat présente à cet égard un intérêt exceptionnel. Elle a été écrite aux Etats-Unis, où Kelsen s'était réfugié au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Comme le souligne Stanley L. Paulson dans son introduction, elle constitue une étape marquante dans l'évolution de sa pensée entre le néokantisme des origines et l'empirisme des derniers écrits. C'est aussi une présentation claire, systématique et concentrée de l'ensemble de sa doctrine et c'est le seul ouvrage de Kelsen qui porte à la fois sur les conditions de possibilité d'une science empirique du droit, sur la théorie générale du droit au sens strict - l'analyse structurale de tous les ordres juridiques possibles - et sur la théorie générale de l'Etat - l'analyse des concepts constitutifs de tout Etat possible. (shrink)

Pucelle tries to show how the idea of personal liberty is central to Green's ethics. Green's criticisms of other philosophers and the historical context of his philosophy are especially well handled. --W. L. M.

In a footnote to ‘Of Miracles’, David Hume defined the miraculous as ‘… a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the Deity, or by the interposition of some invisible agent .’ In the opening pages of the essay itself, however, Hume dropped the reference to agency in favour of the simpler declaration that any ‘ … miracle is a violation of the laws of nature …’ This preference for the simpler formulation was deliberate. According to (...) Hume, it was their violation of natural law that provided the genuinely intimidating obstacle against miracles. As the course of his argument makes clear, Hume believed that the massive accumulation of evidence supporting the regularity of nature invariably would overwhelm any meagre reports to the contrary. For this reason alone, questions of divine agency could be ignored as purely academic. (shrink)